MOTIVATION AND COMMUNICATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MOTIVATION AND COMMUNICATION - Essay Example Below is an assessment of three employees. Shanika has the potential to increase the productivity of the organization. The fact that she is satisfied with her job highlights her ability to require minimal control. Obviously, minimal control for the company translates to savings on the part of the company in as far as supervisor costs are concerned. More importantly her disconnect with emotional judgments or rushed decisions ensures she makes sound decisions. Decision -making is extremely critical in any organization. At all times, the policy-makers are supposed to exhibit sobriety while making decisions and avoid emotions clouding their sense of objectivity. On the other hand, she pauses a danger to the organization in as far as dealing with challenges is concerned. The life cycle of organizations involves alternating periods of success and recessions. However, her ability to cope with challenges is distorted. The implication here is that in the case of any serious setback, the company would be grounded indefinitely. Shanika is an asset to the company, but more investment is required to eliminate her downsides. Terrence has the potential for causing disharmony at the workplace. It is quite evident that she is not as motivated to work as the previous employee. This only means that the organization has to spend immensely to provide her with incentives to work. This resources could very well be directed to other productive activities. Moreover, her inability to take charge of her emotions or thought process predisposes her to making so many errors. Additionally, it highlights her failure to work under minimal control. Terrence Randall gives an impression of an arrogant employee who will create disharmony at the workplace. Ronda is a competent employee capable of enabling the organization meet its set objectives. Of great significance is her job satisfaction. She remains enthusiastic about what she

Internal Consumer Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Internal Consumer Behavior - Essay Example This set of characteristics or can said to be the personality of an individual. Since the late 19th-century personality study has emerged as the sole way to understand a person and almost every discipline that is related to social study or human relations, in the modern times, is trying to represent their points from the perspective of personality analysis of individuals. (Gilbert and Connolly, 1991, 23) The 19th and 20th century has witnessed great progress in the field of personality analysis and several famous figures have appeared in this arena who have interpreted human psychology in their own ways and it has helped them to come up with different types of personality theory. Results of such analysis have been used in various disciplines of human actions, starting from literature to selling of products. Among various other disciplines personality theories proved to be a boon for the business houses and industrialists and these theories opened up different avenues to them through with they started reaching people in the way that was never experienced before. Analysis of the personality theories helped the business house to understand their consumerist traits and they started to launch their products according to the desire of the mass. At the same time, various innovations were also implemented to the methods of advertising and the business groups, in order to expand their consume r circle, used advertisement so that it can capitalize over personality traits of an individual. The personality theories can be classified into seven major divisions, namely, a) Trait theories, b) Type theories, c) Psychoanalytic theories, d) Behaviorist theories, e) Social cognitive theory, f) Humanistic theory and g) Biopsychological theories. (Awrshay, 1971)

Operation Management Practices And Tactics Of Hotel Novotel Tourism Essay

Operation Management Practices And Tactics Of Hotel Novotel Tourism Essay Operation management plays an immense role in success of both manufacturing as well as service industry. The given project deals with operation management practices and tactics used by Hotel Novotel, a well known four star hotel in UAE. After providing required information about the hotel, its operation management process has been discussed in-depth. Later on, the competitive priorities of the hotel as well as analytical techniques used by the company have been analyzed. Using the required information, major challenges existing in the operation management process in the hotel has pointed out. Finally, some feasible solutions to mitigate the problems have been suggested. Information has also been given regarding the possible hurdles to be faced by the hotel while implementing the required changes in the operation management practices. The executive summary has to be rewritten in a professional way About the Company The project how come the project has chosen the Hotel Novotel in order to provide an in-depth analysis of the operations management in the company. It has around 400 hotels and resorts which are located at 58 locations all across the world. The company chooses the city centers of the important business destinations, tourist spots and business districts in the world. The hotel structures are based on modern and simple designs. The hotel provides the leisure travelers and businesses spacious and modifiable rooms for working and relaxing in standardized offers. Moreover, the companys restaurant meals and food services are offered throughout the day. Apart from these, it provides meeting rooms, an attentive group of staff and relaxation and fitness centers for the children. The company reflects immense sense of responsibility through its involvement in Accors Earth Guest program to achieve sustainable development. It has also committed to all its hotels to acquire the Green Globe certifi cation for environmentally responsible travelling and tourism by 2010 (Novotel-a, Nearly 400 hotels throughout the world). The most outstanding hotel of the group is the Novotel World trade Centre based in Dubai. The company provides the best location to conduct business from or to explore Dubai. The company is located very near the leisure and business hub of Dubai. This makes it the most preferred and attractive option for the professional travellers and holiday makers. Staying at the hotel one finds oneself very near the most attractive and popular tourist attractions, famous shopping malls and the best night spots in Dubai. (Novotel-b, Practical Information) A critical assessment of the operations management processes in the company, with an evaluation of the successful and not-so-successful aspects of the processes Operation management process in the company Dubais hospitality is one of the fastest growing sectors that have witnessed several changes in last few decades. Like any other company, the role of operation management is equally crucial in a hotel. It will not be wrong if one says that success of an organization operating in hospitality industry highly depends on efficiency with which operations are managed. The same is true of Hotel Novotel World Trade Centre Dubai. In general the role of operation management is to control and coordinate four vital functions in the hotel. Among these functions, the most vital one is food production. This function deals with purchase of products and planning the menu card. Therefore, this section is mainly related with the supply chain management and maintaining the hygiene. The second most function is food and beverage service. This deals with purchase of wines and beverages, meeting the guest and taking the orders and rendering services to the customers. Housekeeping is also equally vital function for a hotel. Apart from the above mentioned functions, there is one more function that needs to be managed efficiently; this is front office operation. This function deals with reception as well as accommodation of the guests and rendering them with further services. Hotel Novotel World Trade Centre Dubai is quite conscious about the quality maintained in its products and services offered to the visitors. The management has taken utmost care to understand the changing requirement of the guests that visit the hotel. Apart from the local guests, number of international visitors is also growing at a faster rate. Thus, the hotel prefer to retain international standards in terms of the foods and beverages served to the customers and the quality of the services offered to the customers. However, the essence of its local culture is distinctly visible at each and every part of the hotel. In Novotel, the responsibility of the customer relation management department is to determine the level of satisfaction among its customer base. This department work hand in hand to find out changing needs of the guests that visits the hotel. As per the data collected from the market, the management introduces required changes in the foods and beverages served to the customer, the internal environment and the efficiency level of the existing staff. For this, the hotel gives special emphasis on technology to maintain high level of coordination and fast flow of reliable information from one department to another. Competitive priorities of the hotel The term competitive priorities had its origin in manufacturing sector. It takes into account elements like price, quality, deliverability, flexibility and innovativeness. Corbett and Wassenhove (1993) pointed out that these elements are often used to measure external as well as internal competitiveness possessed by the company (Abdullah Bakar, p.21). Therefore, the term competitive priorities can be defined as a set of goals for manufacturing, consistent with the corporate or business unit goals (Abdullah Bakar, p.21). However, competitive priorities are applicable to the service sector also. Traditionally it has been noticed that a company or an organization can achieve competitive priorities mainly through four distinct manners; these are low cost, quality, delivery time and flexibility. Later on the fifth element in form of innovation has been added. With time, the hospitality industry in UAE has emerged out as one of the attractive sector for the new entrants. The government is taking special interest to flourish the UAEs hospitality industry and thus several international players are getting attracted to enter this sector. Such an environment has increased the degree of competitiveness among the existing hotels and they are using different strategies to gain a competitive edge in the industry. Hotel Novotel World Trade Centre Dubai has paid special attention on the quality of the service rendered to the visitors. To enhance the quality of the service, the hotel paid special attention towards information technology. The management decided to make utmost use of information technology to improve operations by coordinating the supply chain, making the staff member friendly with IT and a customer relationship management (CRM) system that is based on latest software and technology prevailing in developed nations. In the 2003, the hotel arranged IT training for the staff members so that they can get accustomed with three IT systems. Property Management System (PMS), Fidelio was introduced to the staff members so that they can have easy access to information regarding existing number of guests, availability of rooms and specification about rates. This software makes the process of booking through internet from any part of the world quite simple and fast. The staff members were als o make accustomed with Accor Groups Central Reservation Systems (CRS), TARS to make the booking process versatile. Novotels Yield Management System (YMS) was designed to help the streamline groups and the corporate groups so that they can have proper information about forecasted room occupancy and its availability. The hotel also introduced latest technology to fulfill requirement of the guests in best possible manner. The visitors can use internet to check mails, pay for bills, do high-tech conferencing and many more (United Arab Emirates, Novotel World Trade Centre Hotel, Dubai staff trained in latest information technology). Therefore, the management introduced technology to improve the quality of the service offered by upgrading the skill and knowledge of its staff members. Apart from developing the human resource, the hotel has taken utmost care to make the services flexible enough. This has been done to fulfill unique requirement of different guests who visit the hotel. For the corporate guests, the hotel has 8 fully equipped conference rooms with soundproof walls. The interior environment is quite refreshing and offers accommodation for 150 people to conduct conferences, seminars and meeting. To match with the requirement of its customers, the hotel provides 24 hour reception and availability of airport shuttle round the clock. Other facilities like ATM, baby sitting and banquet is also available to cater needs of its guests. All these facilities provide required competitive edge to the hotel. Analytical techniques used to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of operations Hotel Novotel World Trade Centre Dubai relies highly on quantitative and analytical techniques for making decision. The hotel has a central data warehouse which has access to data from each and every functional department. This data is of great help as the management churns them to understand the performance and the changes taking place. As for example, the marketing department will use the data derived from the data warehouse to study changes taking place in the occupancy rate in past few years. Considering this information, they will forecast the future trends in coming months. Again this information will be used by the finance department to develop forecasted cash flow and cash management policies. Similarly, the data from central data warehouse is used to identify the change taking place in customer satisfaction level. If the management determines that number of customers complain regarding the service quality is increasing, then they ask the customer relationship management department to provide the reason behind and to take required action to find out the root cause so that the existing loopholes can be rigidified. Management also introduces changes in the rates, policies and services offered to the customers. Major challenges faced by the operations management in the company. Outline of the existing problems in operations management in the company and identification of potential causes of these problems One of the most important ventures of the company has been its attempt to join hands with Suitehotel. The idea was to merge the already good client base of both, which would result in the emergence of an enhanced business. However, it is obvious that Suite Hotel would gain greater advantage over the former and that Novotel would back the needs of the hotel and assist in its growing and taking up the market standards. (Accor, The new generation of Suitehotel is Suite Novotel). It is possible that this move would lead to the loss of market of Novotel. Moreover, Novotel already had a brand image which was operating successfully. This move would lead to the change in its brand image which would require new advertising strategies. One important challenge that the hotel might have to face is the rapid changes in technology. Technology in the form of communication, computers, mechanical instruments and personal devices has a critical effect on the operations of the hotel. Since the hotel is meant for travelers and businessmen, it would require highly advanced technological instruments. Most travelers would want high speed of information accumulation, transfer, storage and manipulation. People would expect that when they would rent a hotel room it would keep them as proactive as they would be in home or in office (OFallon Rutherford, p.2). The world is also witnessing changes in the travel patterns of people. Changes in the airlines regulations have also changed the number of visitors to the hotels or the frequency of visit of travelers. In fact hotels are increasingly choosing to locate themselves near the airline hubs. This is because it is known that business travelers would not want to move into the interiors of city. Meetings and conferences can be established in the hotels. Novotel must face the challenge to provide such prompt services to its travelers in order to stay ahead of its competitors. The company also has to keep changing its pattern of investments. Currently the hotel operations do not only depend on a single entrepreneurs vision. The management must design strategies and tactics in order to achieve any unanticipated financial goals (OFallon Rutherford, p.2). The following figure shows the changing pattern of residents of UAE. Figure 1: Change in spending pattern of UAE residents (Source: Zawya, UAE residents spending pattern increases in 2010) Recommendations provided to improve the situation. What would be the potential impact? What are the potential difficulties in implementation? First of all merging with another company requires complete restructuring of the present policies and strategies. It is recommended that there is no fall in the level of performance resulting from the merging. Merging is associated with combining two different cultures and strategies. The set of operations of Suitehotel would be different from that of Novotel. The company would have to develop and implement common cultures and operational procedures which would be followed by all. Today the world has become extremely competitive. It has been changing rapidly with the growing needs of businesses. The hotel is most frequently visited by businessmen and travelers who would require the most advanced instruments and devices. It must keep upgrading its technology according to the requirements. The people coming for business purposes should be given technological assistance which would not hinder their work progress. The rooms meant for meetings and conferences should be made available whenever required. Portable computing, PDAs or personal data assistants, and internet services should be made available which allows guests to have a transition from home, travel or business to the hotel. Since the company has several hotels across various places, the market for them would also be different. Situations vary between countries and regions. Each hotel has to cater to different types of customers. Thus it would be not be wise to follow the same pattern of operations and services in all of them. Each hotel must work towards meeting the demands of their particular customers. However, the hotels must also cater to the needs of foreign travelers. Recently the travelling pattern of travelers has also undergone a drastic change. The frequency of visits made by foreign travelers has also increased. It is also recommended that company undertake corporate responsibilities more aggressively as this would enhance its goodwill to a considerable extent. It must undertake social responsibilities apart from its businesses and revenue generation. The overall learning from the project While doing the project it was felt that operations management is a critical part of any business. It is more important for a business running across different nations. It requires coordination of activities for successful running of its business. Since the hospitality sector has been booming there would be many competitors for the company. It is crucial for the company to retain its market and continue achieving sustainable development. Businesses remain extremely vulnerable to the fluctuations in the economy. The changes in market conditions and consumer spending also need to be monitored regularly. The company needs to invest in research and development to address any unanticipated situations. The company also remains vulnerable to the changes in externalities, like the government rules and regulations. The government may implement changes in property prices which would adversely affect the company. It also requires alertness on the part of the company. It is important that the co mpany does not violate the rules at any cost, rather devise strategies to use them to its benefits. It must ensure to resort to ethical practices while doing business. Any fraud practices would be harmful for the company and would result in ruining its goodwill. Finally the company must make a feasibility study of its business before venturing. Every step that the company takes must be backed by a feasibility study. It should keep account of the any unforeseen situation which might confront the company.

Amistadthe Movie Essay -- essays papers

Amistadthe Movie Amistad Being an African American male, I have been told somewhat the story about slavery. I mean of course I have been told of the Martin Luther Kings, the Malcolm Xs, and the Rosa Parks and the many struggles and life threatening obstacles they went through for all blacks to become free from opression. Before watching the movie Amistad, I never really knew of the boat rides, the chaining of women and men together and putting boulders at the end of the ropes and throwing the boulders over the edge of the boat drowning many. Just because I did not know about these different situations, I can’t and will not blame anyone else. I never really asked or took it upon myself to learn what went on with my own people. After reviewing certain scenes from the movie Amistad, directed by Steven Spilberg, it made me angry, wondering why they waited so long to make a movie about the real story of how they miss treated slaves during the Middle Passage. After I thought about it I know what took so long, they(the white people) never really wanted us to know. Amistad was a story about a slave named Cinque, and his fight for freedom in a white world. It showed the abuse that slave took from whitemen for no reason. Many of them were taken from their homes and forced onto a ship below the deck were they received little food and were chained together. See this action really upsets me. They never bothered any Spaniards, but they felt could make money off...

Analyzing “Little Red Riding Hood”

Analyzing â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† Tammy J. Cooper ENG 125 Instructor Adenekan 3 March 2013 Analyzing â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† In life, at one time or another we have had a moment that we have so innocently put ourselves in the path of harm or danger, just as the young woman in the short story â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† (Perrault, 1697). We all need to beware of our surrounding, to be very careful about talking to strangers. For danger, violence, and even death can come disguised in familiar things as the theme in â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† suggests.There are several literary elements that contribute to the theme of the story of â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood†. I will analyze these elements as I have interpreted them. Perrault uses omniscient point of view to tell this story. This is observed in the first sentence of the first paragraph, â€Å"Once upon a time there lived in a certain village a little country girl, the prettiest creat ure who was ever seen† (as cited in Clugston, 2010, section 4. 1, para. 1).Omniscient point of view simply means that the reader is privy to every characters inner thoughts and feelings; in addition it allows the reader to go in and out of each character thoughts throughout the story. In this short story the reader gets the thoughts and feelings of both Little Red and the wolf. The tone of â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† is a message to teach the danger in talking to or trusting strangers. For many strangers cannot and should not be trusted. That evil does exist and it has many faces, even familiar faces.The setting of this story is a medieval village on the edge of a large dark forest. Which today could be a lovely suburb on the edge of a huge unfriendly dark city? This story has five characters in it; however, the story focuses on the young woman wearing a red-hooded cape, the wolf, and their encounter, â€Å"As she was going through the wood, she met with a wolf, who had a very great mind to eat her up, but he dared not, because of some woodcutters working nearby in the forest. He asked her where she was going. The poor child, who did ot know that it was dangerous to stay and talk to a wolf, said to him, â€Å"I am going to see my grandmother and carry her a cake and a little pot of butter from my mother† (as cited in Clugston, 2010, section 4. 1, para. 4). In reading â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood†, my interpretation of the symbolism is based on things in the 21st century. In my mind, I see Red not as a little girl but as a young woman just coming of age. She is very beautiful and quite desirable. The wolf is not a four-legged animal but a two-legged man with bad morals and evil thoughts.There are various kinds of wolves. There are those who are charming, quiet, polite, unassuming, complacent, and sweet who pursue young woman at home and in the street. And unfortunately, it is these gentle wolves who are the most dangerous ones of a ll. Whereas, Red still thinks with a pure, loving, and trusting heart and mind as do many young females do today? In addition, where it say the wolf eats Red, â€Å"And, saying these words, this wicked wolf fell upon Little Red Riding Hood, and ate her all up (as cited in Clugston, 2010, section 4. 1, para. 27).The wolf does not actually eat Red but rapes and violates her stealing her innocence from her forever. The plot of the story contributes to the theme of the story by telling us of the dangers of talking to strangers. We all need to beware of our surroundings and to be so very careful in speaking to strangers, for danger, violence, loss of innocence, and even death can come disguised in things and people that are very familiar to us. References Clugston, R. W. , (2010). Journey into Literature. Retrieved from: http://content. ashford. edu/books/AUENG125. 10. 2? sections=sec4. 1

Dota Addiction Effects in Academic Performance Essay

INTRODUCTION As time continues to run, our world keeps getting more advance and modernize and until now, it doesn’t stop. One of the finished products of modernization is the machine called â€Å"Computer†. Since, it was invented and being developed, it gives us benefits and brings significance and importance to our lives. But as we all know that when things are not used properly, there’s always a negative effect that occurs. It can be in our thoughts, behaviors, actions, and or in other ways. Computer games are slowly arousing and it is one of the things that bring the negative effect. Many people are playing and having so much fun with this that can be a form of entertainment. DOTA is one of the examples of computer games. And this is whereour topic began to star. DOTA means Defense of the Ancients. It is commonly the word that we can hear on most people especially the youth and some actually doesn’t have any idea about it. We usually observed some students talking about â€Å"Laro tayo DOTA mamaya.† or â€Å"We play DOTA later.† not going straight at home after school. It captures our attention when we are hearing those students talking about the thing DOTA .and actually; we observed that it affects their behavior especially in academic standing. Defense of the Ancients (DOTA) is a custom scenario for Warcraft III, based on the â€Å"Aeon of Strife† map for StarCraft .The objective of the scenario is to destroytheopponents†Ancient.† The two team’s ancients are heavily guarded structures at opposing corners of the map. Players use powerful units known as heroes, and are assisted by allied heroes and AI-controlled fighters called â€Å"creeps†. As in role-playing games, players level up their hero and use gold to buy equipment during the mission. The scenario was developed with the â€Å"World Editor† of Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos, and was updated upon the release of the Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne. There have been many variations of the original concept; currently, the most popular is DOTA All-stars, which has been maintained by several authors during development.Since its release, Allstars has become a featureat several worldwidetournaments, including Blizzard Entertainmentâ€℠¢s Blizz Conand the Asian World Cyber Games, as well as the Cyber athlete Amateur and Cyber Evolution leagues; Gama sutra declared that DOTA was perhaps the most popular â€Å"free, non-supported game mod in the world†. The map has gone on to influence other maps and games, including the upcoming strategy game Demigod. DOTA GAMES have now been with us for over 30 years. The Atari 2600 is nearly 25 years old. Civilization is now nearly 10 years old. Yet, many Americans fail to recognize these complex achievements as more than fads or child’s play. Ask most people what they think about video games, DOTA and many will respond that they’re a waste of time. Many critics argue that games produce socially isolated people or promote violent behavior. DOTA games are simple, mind numbing entertainment. Playing games is a waste of time. Some of these criticisms may (or may not) be true, but to view all game playing through this lens is to ignore the broader history of games and the diverse range of game playing experiences available. In fact, the DOTA games sales charts reflect this diversity. The Sims Theâ€Å"animated dollhouse† game where players create and play out digital fantasy hous eholds has dominated the charts for 18 months straight. There are so many computer games which is being addicted by the children or students either in high school and college and even the elementary really like the DOTA games or video games. Today millions of students has been playing DOTA games and become their habits it is so hard for them to avoid playing DOTA games. It is a big Physical and Psychological effects for them mostly to their studies. According to Guinsoo, the creator and the first head developer of Ice frog, he and his men (including â€Å"Buff Me Please† who had retired a few months ago) created DOTA in 2003 as a customized game in Warcraft 3: Reign of Chaos created by Blizzard Entertainment. DOTA is popular not only here in the Philippines but also in other countries like Germany, United States of America, Canada, Slovenia and England. This phenomenal PC game had released many versions, and the latest version of DOTA is DOTA All-stars 6.70. Most of its players are males, for about 94%, and the remaining players ar e females. From elementary, high school, college, out of school youth and even adults, DOTA dominates the gaming life of most gamers. DOTA offers a variety of game modes, selected by the game host at the beginning of the match. The game modes dictate the difficulty of the scenario, as well as whether people can choose their hero or are assigned one randomly. Many game modes can be combined, allowing more flexible options. As DOTA arises, many issues also arise. It may be about on relationships, peers, foes, and most especially, education. This introductory message will begin to tackle the effects of playing Defense of the Ancients in academic performance among male freshmen college students of freshmen in academic year of 2010-2011. Backgrounds of the Study Technology today is very advanced and widely used by people in working, studying, communicating, and even for games and entertainment. Games are very popular with teenagers these days. It entertains them and made them have fun. â€Å"Responsible gaming is an attitude we need if we are engage into Computer Game. Developing this attitude is not a personal choice alone, it requires the participation of society (parents, school, game developer and government). Statement of the problem This research seeks to evaluate the effect of DOTA game in academic Performance of Information Technology Students of STI Education Services Group Inc. Semester 2012 – 2013. 1. Is there a significant effect in DOTA addiction to the academic performance of Information Technology Student of 2nd semester 2012- 2013? 2. Number of time spent in playing DOTA games. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK This chapter presents different approaches which may be necessary to the development of this paper work. For better understanding, the researchers have sought other perspective to further discussion. Independent variableDependent variable Number of time spent in playing DOTA games Academic Performance of Information Technology Student ASSUMPTION Assumptions The researcher came up with following assumption as the basis of their studies: DOTA game affects the academic performance of Information Technology students of STI Education Services Group Inc. 2nd semester 2012-2013. HYPOTHESIS There is no significant effect DOTA game to the academic performance of Information Technology Student of STI Education Services Group Inc. 2nd semester 2012-2013. Significance of the Study The findings of this research may benefit the students, teachers as well the researcher. The result of this study will lead to the improvement of the academic performance of Information Technology Students. The result will benefit the student the awareness the effect DOTA addiction to their Academic performance and knowledge on the magnitude of effects whether it is health, study, social, and family and even money issues. SCOPE AND THE LIMITATION The study to determine the significant effect of DOTA to the academic performance of INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Students of STI Education Services Group Inc. 2nd semester 2012-2013. The available Academic Performance Rating of Students Of 2nd semester 2012-2013 in the registrar’s Office will be used a basis of research study. Scope of Key Terms These terms are defined operationally for in depth understanding on the use of the words in the research DOTA– is a game expanded from version of War of War Craft, defense of the Ancients is a custom scenario for Warcraft III Information technology (also referred to as IT)- is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating and communicating information since the Sumerians in Mesopotamia developed writing in about 3000 BC, but the term â€Å"Information Technology† in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review; authors Leavitt and Whisler commented that â€Å"the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT).† Based on the storage and processing technology employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development: pre-mech anical (3000 BC – 1450 AD), mechanical (1450–1840), electromechanical (1840–1940) and electronic (1940-present). This article focuses on the most recent period, (electronic) which began around the year 1940. CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature The researcher cited related studies in local setting and foreign setting in order to support the present study. This will help the researcher to determine the similarities and differences of past studies obtain the aspect of the problem that is critical. And to determine the importance of this study. Concept of Intelligence Individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought. Although these individual differences can be substantial, they are never entirely consistent: a given person’s intellectual performance will vary on different occasions, in different domains, as judged by different criteria. Concepts of â€Å"intelligence† are attempts to clarify and organize this complex set of phenomena. (Sternberg & Detterman, 1986). Such disagreements are not cause for dismay. Scientific research rarely begins with fully agreed definitions, though it may eventually lead to them. The Psychometric approach ever since Alfred Binet’s great success in devising tests to distinguish mentally retarded children from those with behavior problems, psychometric instruments have played an important part in European and American life. Tests are used for many purposes, such as selection, diagnosis, and evaluation. Many of the most widely used tests are not intended to measure intelligence itself but some closely related construct: scholastic attitude, school achievement, specific abilities, etc. Tests of intelligence itself (in the psychometric sense) come in many forms. Some use only a single type of item or question; while some instruments have different types of items, both verbal and nonverbal tests. Test-takers may be asked to give the meanings of words, to complete a series of pictures, to indicate which of several words does not belong with the others, and the like. Local setting As in any situation where new technology is introduced to the Filipino youth, the social impact of the Internet is being looked at. One social problem that has been observed is that the Internet cafà © has become mainly game centres. About one-half to two-thirds of the computers in a typical Internet cafà ©, according to one study, are devoted to games (violent and gory games). The use of the remaining computers was roughly split between browsing, email, online chat, word processing and research. The Internet cafà ©s have become not just game centres. They are becoming centres off addiction among the youth, mostly boys, including elementary school pupils. Accordingto one concerned Internet cafà © entrepreneur, â€Å"Internet cafà ©s are seducing youths to a new form of addiction, one which may not destroy their bodies as drugs do, but which is certainly twisting their minds. To the young play is reality and reality is play.† (Maslog C. (1998) Internet and Social Issues, Philippine Communication Today, Quezon City: New Day Publishers). Games come in many forms and style; like clothes, but unlike clothes however, you cannot wear them and it isn’t food so you cannot eat them. So why are people going gaga over such an ironically powerful phenomena? The answer lies in us, as human. Foreign Setting Lepper, M. R. &Gurtner, J (2000), states that prolonged and excessive use of these games can cause, mainly upon children, a number of physical and psychological problems which may include obsessive, addictive behavior, dehumanization of the player, desensitizing of feelings, personality changes, hyperactivity learning disorders, premature maturing of children, psychomotor disorders, health problems (due to lack of exercise & tendonitis), Development of anti-social behavior and loss of free thinking and will. Anderson and Bushman (2001), found that across 54 independent tests of the relation between video game violence and aggression, involving 4262 participants, there appear to be five consistent results of playing games with violent contents. Playing violent games increase aggressive behaviors, increases aggressive cognitions, increases aggressive emotions, increases physiological arousal, and decreases pro-social behaviors. Since most electronic games are violent, children below legal ages are emotionally disturbed and caused several changes on their behavior. Austin, Pinkleton & Fujioka (2000), quoted that â€Å"parental meditation is correlated with better academic performance. And has been shown to increase beliefs in social norms, and to decrease fear.†Which refers to the parental consent of the player as they play a violent-oriented game. Gentile & Walsh (2002), wherein 55% of parents said that â€Å"always† or â€Å"often† should parents put limits on the amount of the time their children may play computer and video games, and 40% said they â€Å"always† or â€Å"often† check the video game rating before allowing their children to buy or rent computer or video games. Even through these numbers are not particularly high, they may overestimate the amount of parental monitoring of children’s video game play. DOTA basically is a game expanded from version of War of War Craft, which initially a strategic game similar to Red Alert series. But eventually evolved into current state. Gamers can play DOTA on a wide range; from single player, local LAN, or LANover internet connection with various countries’ gamers. There contain variety of Heroes to be chosen as your character, there are many type of gaming modes, and different type of map for the game modes. There’s no need for me to explain how the game is conducted and the features of the game. Because there are lots of gamers who are more expert than me exist in the DOTA community. For me, this DOTA is not a difficult game for amateur; you can start play DOTA anytime and familiar with this game easily over 2 or 3 days. But one thing to remind you is, DOTA is not easy to master and play like a Pro. You can take up to several years spent on this game but still behave like amateur. There are lots of effects which DOTA brings to our society, to be particular, the youth. Bibliography * ](2011, 02). The Effects of Playing Defense of the Ancients in Academic Performance Among Male Freshmen College Students of Freshmen in Academic Year of 2010-2011.. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 02, 2011, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/The-Effects-Of-Playing-Defense-Of-580808.html * http://www.scribd.com/doc/43813815/Impacts-of-Dota-in-Students * (2011, 03). The Effects of Dota. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 03, 2011, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/The-Effects-Of-Dota-626652.html * (2011, 04). Dota: Recreation or Addiction?. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 04, 2011, from * â€Å"//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/defense_of_ancients† * (Maslog C. (1998) Internet and Social Issues, Philippine Communication Today,Quezon City: New Day Publishers) * Lepper, M. R. &Gurtner, J (2000), United States= * Anderson and Bushman (2001) * Austin, Pinkleton& Fujioka (2000) * Gentile & Walsh (2002)